Biophysics

1. Fundamental Principles of Biophysics
   1. Physics in Biological Systems
      1. Forces and interactions in biology
         1. Electrostatic forces
         2. Van der Waals forces
         3. Hydrophobic effects
         4. Hydrogen bonding
      2. Mechanics and kinematics in biological systems
         1. Motion and stress-strain in biological tissues
         2. Mechanical properties of cells and biomaterials
         3. Mechanobiology
      3. Fluid dynamics in biological systems
         1. Blood flow dynamics
         2. Fluid mechanics in cellular environments
         3. Osmotic pressure and diffusion
   2. Thermodynamics in Biological Processes
      1. Thermodynamic laws as applied to biology
         1. First law of thermodynamics (energy conservation)
         2. Second law of thermodynamics (entropy increase)
      2. Gibbs free energy and biological reactions
         1. Biochemical reaction energetics
         2. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium states
      3. Enthalpy and entropy contributions to biological systems
   3. Statistical Mechanics
      1. Applications of statistical mechanics in biology
         1. Partition function and its biological implications
         2. Boltzmann distribution in biological contexts
         3. Macroscopic properties from microscopic states
      2. Understanding macromolecular structure-function via statistical approaches
         1. Thermodynamic ensembles in protein folding
         2. Ligand binding and cooperative behavior
   4. Systems Biology
      1. Network analysis in biological systems
         1. Gene regulatory networks
         2. Protein-protein interaction networks
         3. Metabolic and signaling networks
      2. Modeling and simulation of biological systems
         1. Computational methods for system dynamics
         2. Predictive modeling and data integration
      3. Biological robustness and complexity
         1. Redundancy and modularity in biological systems
         2. Adaptation and homeostasis in complex systems
         3. Emergent properties and system-level behavior