Analytical Chemistry

1. Applications
   1. Environmental Monitoring
      1. Detection of Pollutants
         1. Types of pollutants (e.g., organic, inorganic, heavy metals)
         2. Sources of pollutants in the environment
         3. Techniques for pollutant detection (e.g., spectroscopic methods, chromatography)
         4. Data interpretation and results validation
      2. Analysis of Water Samples
         1. Parameters for water quality analysis (e.g., pH, hardness, contaminants)
         2. Techniques for analyzing water samples (e.g., titrations, ion chromatography)
         3. Emerging contaminants and advanced detection methods
      3. Analysis of Air Samples
         1. Common air pollutants (e.g., particulate matter, gases)
         2. Sampling strategies for air quality monitoring
         3. Analytical methods for gaseous pollutants (e.g., mass spectrometry)
      4. Analysis of Soil Samples
         1. Soil testing for nutrient content and contaminants
         2. Methods for soil sample preparation and analysis
         3. Role in agricultural and environmental assessments
   2. Pharmaceutical Industry
      1. Drug Formulation and Development
         1. Role of analytical chemistry in preclinical and clinical studies
         2. Analytical techniques for drug discovery
         3. Stability testing and degradation product analysis
      2. Quality Control and Assurance
         1. Methods for ensuring drug purity and potency
         2. Role of regulatory compliance in pharmaceuticals
         3. Batch release and validation processes
      3. Bioanalytical Methods
         1. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics
         2. Techniques for bioavailability and bioequivalence studies
         3. Development of biomarker assays
   3. Food Safety
      1. Analysis of Contaminants
         1. Detection of pesticides, mycotoxins, and allergens
         2. Analytical techniques in food safety (e.g., gas chromatography, mass spectrometry)
         3. Role of standards and regulatory requirements
      2. Nutritional Analysis
         1. Determination of macronutrient and micronutrient content
         2. Techniques for food labeling and composition analysis
         3. Role in food quality and consumer information
      3. Shelf Life and Stability Testing
         1. Monitoring of food freshness and spoilage
         2. Shelf life prediction models and testing methodologies
   4. Forensic Analysis
      1. Toxicological Screening
         1. Detection of drugs and poisons in biological samples
         2. Advanced techniques for toxicological analysis (e.g., LC-MS, GC-MS)
         3. Interpretation of toxicological data in forensic cases
      2. Trace Evidence Analysis
         1. Identification of trace evidence (e.g., fibers, paint, glass)
         2. Microscopic and spectroscopic methods for evidence analysis
         3. Role in criminal investigations and reconstruction
      3. DNA Analysis
         1. Techniques in DNA extraction, amplification, and profiling
         2. Role of DNA evidence in criminal and civil cases
         3. Advances in forensic genetics and biotechnology applications